Detección del nivel de riesgo de consumo de sustancias psicoactivas en estudiantes universitarios de psicología - Perú / Detection of the level of risk of consumption of psychoactive substances in university students of psychology - Perú

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo detectar el nivel de riesgo por consumo de sustancias psicoactivas (SPA) en una muestra de 324 universitarios ingresantes a Psicología en Arequipa ­ Perú, siendo el 73.15% de sexo femenino y 26.85% masculino, con edades que fluctúan entre los 18 y 25 años. Se empleó para ello la prueba ASSIST elaborada por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), hallando que el 33.02%, 22.53% y 10.49% alcanza un nivel de riesgo moderado en el consumo de tabaco, bebidas alcohólicas y marihuana correspondientemente. Además, el 2.78% presentó un nivel de riesgo alto en el consumo de bebidas alcohólicas. Se concluye que las SPA más consumidas por dichos universitarios son bebidas alcohólicas y tabaco, y que aproximadamente 1 de cada 4 tiene un riesgo moderado a alto de tener problemas por el consumo de alcohol y tabaco

The objective of this study was to detect the level of risk due to consumption of psychoactive substances in a sample of 324 undergraduates entering Psychology in Arequipa - Peru, with 73.15% female and 26.85% male, and ages between 18 and 25 years. The ASSIST test prepared by the World Health Organization (WHO) detected that 33.02%, 22.53% and 10.49% reach a moderate level of risk in the consumption of tobacco, alcoholic beverages and marijuana correspondingly. Besides, 2.78% of a high level of risk in the consumption of alcoholic beverages, concluding that the SPA most consumed by these university students are alcoholic beverages and tobacco; that approximately 1 in 4 has a moderate to high risk of having problems with alcohol and tobacco consumption.

Religião e Espiritualidade no curso de Psicologia: revisão sistemática de estudos empíricos

A revisão apresenta um panorama da literatura nacional que trata da vivência espiritual/religiosa de graduandos no contexto da formação acadêmica do psicólogo. O objetivo foi delinear e analisar pesquisas empíricas sobre a relação entre estudantes, espiritualidade, religião e formação nos cursos de psicologia do país. Realizou-se uma busca nas bases de dados virtuais Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde,SciELO, PePSIC e no Banco de Teses e Dissertações da CAPES, sendo selecionados e analisados 11 estudos, no período de 2002 a 2017. Observou-se número reduzido de publicações, especialmente no formato de artigo. A maioria das pesquisas é oriunda de instituições confessionais e de Programas de Pós-graduação em Psicologia. Estudantes de psicologia tendem a apresentar índices menores de bem-estar espiritual quando comparados a outros estudantes universitários. Formandos de diferentes regiões do país mencionam sentir dificuldade e insegurança quando o assunto se apresenta na clínica. Questionam sobre a postura ética adequada; sentem medo de influenciar o paciente, de revelar a religião pessoal e não saber lidar com suas próprias crenças. Admitem falta de conhecimento e manejo teórico-clínico; e dificuldade ou impedimento de abordar tais questões com professores e supervisores de estágio.

This research presents an overview of Brazilian literature on the spiritual and religious experience of psychology students in the context of the psychologist's scientific and academic education. The purpose of this study was to outline and analyze empirical research that regard the relationship between students, spirituality, religion and education in psychology courses in Brazil. The databases used for this purpose were Virtual Library of Health, SciELO, PePSIC and the Bank of Thesis and Dissertations of CAPES. Ultimately, this resulted in the selection and analysis of 11 studies, stretching in the period from 2002 to 2017. This shows a reduced number of publications, especially in the article format. Most of the research comes from Higher Education Institutions with confessional ties. The analysis indicates that psychology students tend to have lower rates of spiritual well-being when compared to other university students. Undergraduates from different regions of the country mentioned experiencing difficulty and insecurity when the subject appears in the clinical practice. They question the proper ethical stance; they are afraid to influence the patient, to reveal their personal religion, and they fear not knowing how to deal with their own beliefs. They admit lack of knowledge and theoretical-clinical management, as well as the difficulty or hindrance of addressing such issues with teachers and internship supervisors.

Representaciones sociales de la psicología del trabajo en estudiantes de licenciatura en psicología en Argentina / Social representations of work psychology in psychology students of argentine universities

La investigación analiza las Representaciones Sociales de la Psicología del Trabajo (RSPT) en estudiantes de psicología de universidades argentinas. Se plantea que las RSPT estructuran una injerencia procedimental y de gestión en detrimento de la investigación científica, y que se encuentra limitada y modelada por la adherencia al ámbito clínico. Se realizó un estudio de diferencia de grupos, de diseño no experimental, transversal con una muestra intencional no probabilística de 128 estudiantes de psicología de universidades públicas y privadas, 78,9% mujeres y 21,1% varones, con una edad media de 25 años (DT: 7, Max=59, Min=19).Ambas hipótesis se confirman parcialmente, dado que las evocaciones muestran a la investigación científica por fuera del núcleo central, en el cual se observan los procedimientos y la organización; mientras se denotan diferencias en las estructuras en torno al área de inserción entre los que tienden al ámbito clínico y los que no

The research analyzes the Social Representations of Work Psychology (SRWP) in students of private and public universities of Argentina considering different differential anchorages related to socio-psychological and socio-demographic variables. A study of group differences, non-experimental design, cross-sectional, was carried out based on a non-probabilistic intentional sample of 128 psychology students from public (50%) and private (50%) universities (78.9% women and 21.1% males) with an average age of 25 years (SD: 7 years, Max= 59, Min= 19). The evocations fix its performance in organizations or companies in the HR, in areas of personnel selection and training, or in external offices.The major tasks assigned are related with implementing diagnostic evaluations, personnel selection processes, and interventions to encourage motivation or mediate in conflicts.Respect to role abilities, assertivity, empathy, and attitudes towards leadership, with a great knowledge about his interference in the area

Experiencia Educación de la sexualidad desarrollada con estudiantes de primer año de la carrera Psicología / Sexuality Education Experience Developed with First-Year Students of Psychology

Introducción: En la Facultad de Psicología de la Universidad de la Habana se inició en el curso escolar 2015-2016 una experiencia de educación de la sexualidad con un grupo de estudiantes de 1.er año de la carrera. Objetivo: Implementar una asignatura optativa que contribuya a la satisfacción de necesidades básicas de aprendizaje sobre la sexualidad que poseen estudiantes de primer año de la carrera de Psicología, de la Universidad de la Habana. Método: La investigación se sustenta en una metodología alternativa, participativa y desarrolladora, en la pedagogía de la diversidad y la equidad y el enfoque humanista crítico. El grupo lo constituyeron 26 estudiantes de primer año de la carrera de Psicología de la Universidad de La Habana, quienes eligieron la asignatura La sexualidad de los/las jóvenes y su educación como optativa. El rango etario de la muestra fue de 19 a 24 años. Se aplicó un cuestionario diagnóstico para explorar sus saberes, experiencias y creencias en torno a la sexualidad. Se realizaron un total de 24 sesiones grupales con un 80 por ciento o más de asistencia. Resultados: Tanto los resultados diagnósticos como los obtenidos al finalizar el programa coinciden con investigaciones precedentes. En estos se muestran la carencia de saberes que tienen las personas jóvenes en torno a la sexualidad, sus componentes, funciones y dimensiones, especialmente, las relacionadas al vínculo de pareja y la relación con los progenitores. Conclusiones: Se implementó una asignatura optativa valorada de manera muy positiva, por la mayoría de los/las estudiantes que la cursaron. Fueron resaltadas como fortalezas sus contenidos, la metodología y el aprendizaje personal obtenido(AU))

Introduction: At the Psychology School oh Havana University, in 2015-2016 academic year, there was an experience of teaching sexuality education to students of 1st year. Objective: To implement an optional subject that will contribute to the satisfaction of basic needs of learning about sexuality that Psychology first-year students have. Method: The research is based on an alternative methodology, participatory and developmental, in the pedagogy of diversity and equity and the critical humanist approach.Twenty-six first-year students of the Psychology at Havana University formed the group. They chose the optional subject Sexuality of young people and their education. The sample age ranged from 19 to 24 years. A diagnostic questionnaire was used to explore their knowledge, experiences and beliefs about sexuality. A total of 24 group sessions were conducted with 80 percent or more of assistance. Results: Both the diagnostic results and those obtained at the end of the program matched with previous investigations. These showed the lack of knowledge that young people have about sexuality, its components, functions and dimensions, especially those related to the couple's relationship and the relationship with parents. Conclusions: An optional subject was implemented. It was very positive valued by the majority of students who took it. Its contents, methodology and personal learning obtained were highlighted as strengths(AU)

Estudio de las actitudes hacia la ética profesional en estudiantes de grado y posgrado de psicología / Study of attitudes towards professional ethics in undergraduate and graduate students of psychology

El objetivo del estudio es realizar un relevamiento y estudio sobre las actitudes hacia la ética en estudiantes de grado y posgrado de psicología. A fin de comparar competencias más valoradas y menos valoradas en cuanto a ética profesional, se aplica a una muestra intencional (n=273) de estudiantes de grado (n=193) y posgrado (n=80) la Escala sobre Actitudes hacia la Ética Profesional (Hirsch Adler, 2005, adaptación de Ormart, Esteva y Navés, 2012), cuenta con 55 proposiciones que miden 4 competencias: cognitivo-técnicas, sociales, éticas y afectivo-emocionales. Los resultados obtenidos evidencian que, tanto para los estudiantes de grado como de posgrado, la competencia más valorada es la de ética y no se presentan grandes diferencias en el resto de las competencias.

The present investigation has as objective to make a survey and a study of the attitudes from grade and postgraduate students of the Faculty of Psychology at the University of Aconcagua (UDA), in what regards to professional ethic. With the purpose of being able to compare between the grade and postgraduate students, the most valued competences and those less valued towards professional ethic are weighted, it has been applied to an intentional sample: 193 volunteer students from grade and 80 from postgraduate level, The Ethical Attitudes Scale (Hirsch Adler, 2005, adaptation by Ormart, Esteva y Navés, 2012), which consists of 55 propositions relating to four skills: technical-cognitive, socials, ethics and affective-emotional. The results obtained in this research show that for both, grade and postgrad students, the most valued skill is Ethics and in the rest of the competences there are not major differences.

Dimensiones del Perfeccionismo y Sintomatología Depresiva en Universitarios de Psicología

Se indagó la relación entre las dimensiones del perfeccionismo y la sintomatología depresiva en universitarios de Psicología de una universidad privada de Asunción. Se llevó a cabo un estudio no experimental, con un diseño descriptivo, de enfoque cuantitativo y corte transversal; se aplicó la Escala Multidimensional de Perfeccionismo (EMP) y el Inventario de Depresión de Beck (BDI-II) a 300 estudiantes: 253 mujeres y 47 hombres. Los resultados indican una relación entre la sintomatología depresiva y las dimensiones del perfeccionismo. La relación con la sintomatología depresiva fue directa en cuanto al Perfeccionismo Auto Orientado y Perfeccionismo Socialmente Prescrito; e inversa en cuanto a la dimensión de Perfeccionismo Orientado hacia los demás. Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre las siguientes variables: Sexo y Perfeccionismo Auto Orientado, escolaridad y depresión, edad y Perfeccionismo Orientado hacia los Demás, edad y depresión. Se resalta la importancia de identificar estas tendencias perfeccionistas antes de que se conviertan en conductas patológicas, y desarrollar estrategias preventivas

The following study focuses on the correlation between dimensions of perfectionism and symptoms of depression in a population of psychology students from a private university in Asuncion. The instruments Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (EMP) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) were applied to 300 students, 253 of which were women, and 47 men. The results indicate a relationship between symptoms of depression and traits of perfectionism. The relation was direct regarding self-oriented perfectionism and socially prescribed perfectionism. The relationship was inverse regarding other-oriented perfectionism. Significant differences were found between the following: sex and self-oriented perfectionism, education and depression, age and other-oriented perfectionism, age, and depression. It ́s important to identify this perfectionist tendency before they become pathological behaviors and develop preventive strategies.

Significados acerca de la sexualidad en estudiantes de psicología en Colombia / Significados acerca da sexualidade em estudantes de psicologia na Colômbia / Meanings of sexuality among psychology students in Colombia

Resumen En Colombia se han desarrollado programas, proyectos y políticas encaminados hacia la promoción de una vida sexual responsable; no obstante, cada vez es más temprana la edad de inicio de las relaciones sexuales, los embarazos precoces y abortos aumentan, así como la exposición a contraer Infecciones de Transmisión Sexual en la población adolescente, lo cual lleva a cuestionar la efectividad de los programas de formación en sexualidad en contextos académicos. Este artículo presenta los resultados de una investigación cualitativa a través de grupos focales sobre los significados frente a la sexualidad entre estudiantes universitarios pertenecientes a seis programas de Psicología en Colombia. Se encuentra que la formación que han recibido se centra en una perspectiva de corte médico-sanitaria referida al funcionamiento de los órganos reproductores, fomentando el rechazo hacia la diversidad sexual y ubicándose lejos de sus necesidades prácticas y cotidianas.

Resumo Na Colômbia, desenvolveram-se programas, projetos e políticas direcionados à promoção de uma vida sexual responsável. Não obstante, é cada vez mais baixa a idade de início das relações sexuais. Aumentam também a gravidez precoce e os abortos, assim como a exposição para contrair infecções de transmissão sexual pela população adolescente, o que leva a questionar a efetividade dos programas de formação em sexualidade em contextos acadêmicos. Este artigo apresenta os resultados de uma investigação qualitativa através de grupos focais sobre os significados da sexualidade entre estudantes universitários pertencentes a seis programas de Psicologia na Colômbia. Percebe-se que a formação que receberam está centrada em uma perspectiva de linha médico-sanitária referida ao funcionamento dos órgãos reprodutores, fomentando o repúdio da diversidade sexual e mantendo-se distantes de suas necessidades práticas e cotidianas.

Abstract Colombia has developed programs, projects and policies promoting responsible sexual conduct. However, the average age of sexually active adolescents has decreased, pregnancies and abortions have increased, as well as the risk of sexually transmitted infections. In face of these developments, the effectiveness of sexual education programs in academic contexts is questioned. This paper shows the results of a qualitative research study on the attitudes towards sexuality held by Colombian university students from six psychology programs. Ten focus groups were conducted, with a total of 53 participants between 18 and 35 years of age. Using a content analysis technique, the attitudes held by the participants towards sexuality were identified. It was found that the training received has had a low impact due to its focus on a medical, sanitary perspective, referring exclusively to the functioning of reproductive organs, promoting a rejection of sexual diversity, distant from the students' everyday needs.

Estrategia didáctica para estimular la educación de la personalidad en estudiantes de licenciatura en psicología / Didactic strategy to stimulate the personality education in psychology students

En esta investigación se propone una estrategia didáctica para estimular la educación de la personalidad de los estudiantes de Licenciatura en Psicología. Para ello se parte del análisis de los principales referentes teóricos que se presentan en la literatura pedagógica respecto al proceso enseñanza-aprendizaje y la educación de la personalidad que permita comprender las posiciones de partida que se asumen para el diseño de la estrategia didáctica, hasta llegar a particularizar en las regularidades que deben estar presente en el proceso ense±anza-aprendizaje, para que sea educador de las personalidades de los estudiantes. Se presenta la estrategia didáctica que se caracteriza por la integración en el proceso enseñanza-aprendizaje de tres aspectos esenciales: la tendencia a la autorrealización como factor dinámico y las dinámicas de autoconcientización y autoorganización del desarrollo como factores reguladores de los procesos de educación de la personalidad a través del diseño de procesos de mediación e intermediación en la zona de desarrollo próximo del estudiante a partir de la tarea pedagógica. Se evalúa su impacto en el desempeño personológico del estudiante mediante su implementación en la práctica educativa de la asignatura Psicología Educativa II, como principales métodos del nivel empírico se utilizaron: la observación, el análisis del producto de la actividad, la entrevista y los cuestionarios.

This research study put forward a didactic strategy to stimulate the education of the personality of Psychology students. To this end, the study considered the analysis of the main theoretical referents that appear in the pedagogic literature in relation to the teaching/learning process and the education of personality that allows understanding the starting positions assumed for the design of didactic strategy and particularizes the regularities that should be present in the teaching/learning process, so that it can educate the students' personality. The didactic strategy was presented, which is characterized by the integration of three essential aspects into the teaching/learning process: tendency to self-fulfillment as a dynamic factor and the dynamics of self-awareness and self=organization of development as regulating factors of the personality education processes through the design of mediation and intermediation processes in the area of close development of the student on the basis of the pedagogic task. The impact of didactic strategy on the student's personality performance through implementation in the educational practice of Educational Psychology II subject was assessed and the main methods at the empirical level were observation, analysis of the product from the activity, interview and questionnaires.

Estresse e fatores associados em alunos de psicologia de uma universidade particular do sul do Brasil / Stress and related factors in psychology students from a private university in the Southern part of Brazil

Estudo transversal para verificar a prevalência de estresse e os fatores associados em alunos de psicologia de uma universidade particular do sul do Brasil. Participaram do estudo 196 alunos, do turno noturno. Utilizou-se o Inventário de Sintomas de Stress para Adultos de Lipp (ISSL) para mensuração do estresse e um questionário de dados sociodemográficos e relacionados ao curso. Os dados foram coletados em sala de aula, com aplicação coletiva, e analisados pelo SPSS 18.0 for Windows através de estatística descritiva e analítica. A prevalência de estresse foi de 63,3%. Observou-se diferença significativa em relação ao sexo (p=0,00) e atividade física (p=0,00). Mulheres e aqueles que não praticam atividade física apresentaram mais estresse. O estudo sugere que atividades de prevenção sejam incentivadas através da promoção de políticas institucionais para que os acadêmicos desenvolvam repertório de manejo e prevenção do estresse.

Cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence of stress and associated factors in psychology students of a private university in the southern part of Brazil. A total of 196 students from the night shift was enrolled in the study. It was used the Lipp´s Inventory of Stress Symptoms for adults (ISSL) for measurement of stress and a questionnaire with socio-demographic and academic variables. Data were collected in the classrooms, with collective application, and analyzed by SPSS 18.0 for Windows using descriptive and analytical statistics. The prevalence of stress was 63.3%. There was a significant difference regarding sex (p=0,00), and physical activity (p=0,00). Women and those who do not practice physical activity presented more stress. The study suggests that prevention activities should be encouraged by promoting institutional policies for academics to develop the repertoire of management and prevention of stress.

La incidencia de rasgos de personalidad en estudiantes avanzados de psicología hacia la elección de una línea teórica / The impact of personality traits of advanced psychology students in the choice of a theoretical framework

El propósito de este artículo de investigación es analizar la influencia de la personalidad y las motivaciones para optar por una especialización clínica, en estudiantes de Psicología. Método: 155 estudiantes avanzados de la carrera Lic. en Psicología fueron evaluados con el test Big Five de Personalidad (Castro Solano, 2005) y con una encuesta Ad Hoc. Resultados: Se encontraron diferencias significativas en dos dimensiones de personalidad: Agradabilidad (p= ,034) y Responsabilidad (p= ,053) entre estudiantes de diferentes corrientes teóricas. Además se observaron diferencias en las motivaciones elegidas para optar por determinada orientación clínica. Se puede concluir que existe una relación significativa entre los rasgos de personalidad y los enfoques teóricos de la Psicología como ciencia en estudiantes de Psicología. Se discuten estos resultados en función de estudios previos.

Abstract The aim of this research paper is to analyze the influence of personality and motivations in the choice of a clinical specialization in psychology students. Method: 155 psychology advanced were assessed with the Big Five Personality test (Castro Solano, 2005) and an Ad Hoc survey. Results: Significant differences in two dimensions of personality were found: Agreeableness (p = .034) and Accountability (p = .053) among students of different clinical specialization. Besides, differences in motivations chosen were found in the choice of a specific clinical orientation. We conclude that a significant relationship exists between personality traits and the theoretical Psychology approaches as a science in Psychology students.

Actitudes hacia la Homosexualidad en Estudiantes de Psicología de dos Universidades de Asunción

La presente investigación tiene por objetivo principal determinar las actitudes hacia la homosexualidad en dos grupos de estudiantes de psicología, de una Universidad pública y otra privada, en sus sedes de Asunción. El instrumento empleado fue el Inventario de Actitudes hacia la Homosexualidad (IAH), analizándose posteriormente los datos mediante la conversión de la diferencia entre medias muestrales. Los datos muestran que, aunque no se observan diferencias significativas en ambos grupos, aparecen ciertos aspectos a considerar al compararse los datos entre los énfasis de carrera de los participantes, además de una disminución favorable en las actitudes negativas con el avance de la carrera, año por año.

The present investigation was undertaken to determine the main attitudes toward homosexuality in two groups of students of psychology, from a Public and Private University, from Asuncion. The instrument used was the Inventory of Attitudes toward Homosexuality (IAH), being the data analyzed by converting the difference between sample means. The data shows that, although there aren't any significant differences in both groups, there are certain aspects to consider when comparing the data between the career's emphasis of the participants, along with a decrease in negative attitudes conducive to the advancement of the career, year by year.

"Esperanza y satisfaccion con la vida en estudiantes de psicologia en Paraguay" / "Hope and satisfaction whith life in psychology students in Paraguay"

En este estudio se describió y correlacionó la esperanza y la satisfacción con la vida de 121 estudiantes de psicología del Paraguay (65,3% Universidad Católica, 24,8% Universidad Nacional de Asunción, 10,7% otras). La edad promedio fue 24,17 con 85,1% de mujeres. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron la Escala de Esperanza de Adultos con sus subescalas de Agencia y Vías, y la Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida. Ambas escalas poseen propiedades psicométricas satisfactorias. Los resultados demostraron niveles normales a altos de esperanza y satisfacción con la vida en estudiantes de psicología de Paraguay, pero dichas variables no estaban correlacionadas. Al ser esto incongruente con la literatura, se necesitan investigaciones adicionales.

This study described and correlated hope and satisfaction with life in 121 undergraduate psychology students in Paraguay (65.3% Universidad Católica, 24.8% Universidad Nacional de Asunción, 10.7% others). Mean age was 24.17 with 85.1% females in the sample. Instruments used were the Adult Hope Scale with the Agency and Pathways subscales, and the Satisfaction with Life Scale. Both scales have satisfactory psychometric properties. Results showed that Paraguayan psychology students possess normal to high levels of hope and life satisfaction, yet those variables were not correlated. As this is incongruent with the literature, further research is needed.

Competencias autopercibidas para el abordaje profesional de las adicciones en estudiantes de Psicología / Self-perceived competencies for the professional approach to adictions by the psychology students

Introducción: la presente investigación forma parte de un proyecto del Centro para el Desarrollo Académico sobre Drogodependencias de la Universidad Médica de La Habana, para capacitar a los psicólogos en temas vinculados con las adicciones. Objetivos: describir la percepción de competencia para el abordaje profesional de las adicciones que poseen los estudiantes de psicología e identificar necesidades de aprendizaje sobre esta temática en los mismos. Métodos: el diseño de investigación fue no experimental, descriptivo y de corte transversal. El estudio tuvo un enfoque cualitativo por lo que la selección de la muestra fue de forma intencional. Participaron en la investigación 24 estudiantes de último año de la carrera de Psicología en La Habana. Se utilizó para la recogida de la información la entrevista en profundidad y los grupos focales. Resultados: los estudiantes se perciben competentes para el abordaje de las adicciones, pero esta competencia está sustentada en conocimientos y habilidades generales de la profesión, no en una preparación profesional específica para la atención y prevención de las adicciones Conclusiones: los resultados certifican la presencia de necesidades de aprendizaje sobre adicciones relacionadas con su diagnóstico e intervención; las subcompetencias percibidas con menor desarrollo son las procedimentales mientras que las actitudinales son las que más se han formado.

Introduction: the present research work is part of a project of the Center for the Academic Development on Drug Dependence of the Medical University of Havana, with the objective of training psychologists in drug-related topics. Objectives: to describe the perception of competence for professional approach to addictions that the psychology students have at present and to identify learning requirements on this subject. Methods: the research study was non-experimental, cross-sectional and descriptive, with qualitative approach, so the sample selection was intentional. Twenty four 5th year psychology students participated. The in-depth interview and the focal groups were used to gather information. Results: the students considered that they were competent to approach additions; however this competence is supported on general knowledge and skills inherent to the profession, but not on specific professional preparation for the care and prevention of addictions. Conclusions: these results confirmed the presence of learning requirements about addictions related to their diagnosis and intervention; additionally, the sub-competencies perceived as less developed are the ones related to procedures whereas the attitudinal ones have been more extensively formed.

Actitudes de mujeres estudiantes de psicología hacia las personas con esquizofrenia: Relación con la percepción de agresividad y peligrosidad / Attitudes of female students of psychology toward people with schizophrenia: Relationship with perception of aggressiveness and dangerousness

Introduction Perception of environment and reality stems mainly from factors determined by social and cultural influences. Several socialization processes promote the development of relations that endorse or reject certain values or identities. Unfortunately, many of these relations arise from prejudiced values that generate negative attitudes such as stigmatization or discrimination toward some persons. According to psychosocial models, generation of stigma is a consequence of three aspects: lack of knowledge about the person's condition (ignorance); development of negative attitudes (prejudice) and a tendency to exclude or reject some individuals (discrimination). Particularly, in mental health problems, general public knowledge of severe mental illnesses such as schizophrenia frequently develops in accordance to myths and misconceptions. For example, schizophrenics are commonly viewed as mad and incompetent individuals that produce fear and rejection. These erroneous conceptions originate from considering that they are incapable of controlling their acts, thus giving rise to aggressive, violent or dangerous conducts. Stigmatization impacts patients increasing depressive symptoms, anxiety and social withdrawal. Stigma also has a negative impact on diagnosis and treatment; timely diagnostic interventions and specialized treatments are frequently delayed in stigmatized individuals. Although it is reasonable to anticipate that stigmatization attitudes are more common among persons with low cultural levels, many studies have demonstrated that unfortunately this problem is also present in many health professionals, including those who work with the mentally ill. For these reasons different attempts have developed to reduce stigma by means of mental health literacy interventions oriented to modify and eliminate misconceptions about mental patients and their illness. In this sense, mental health literacy is defined as any educational intervention aimed to increase recognition, management and prevention of mental illness. Many studies have demonstrated that this type of interventions have a positive impact in reducing negative attitudes toward patients, diminishing in consequence treatment gap. In accordance to this theoretical framework, the principal objective of this study was to evaluate in a group of female psychology students, their attitudes toward mental illness determining their perception of danger and aggressiveness in a schizophrenic patient. We hypothesized that perception of dangerousness and aggressiveness will correlate with more negative attitudes to mental illness. Additionally, we compared attitudes to severe mental illness according to other variables related to mental health literacy such as knowledge of etiology of illness and treatment options, among female student in their first half of their career and female student in their second half. We hypothesized that advanced student will have a higher level of mental health literacy and less negative attitudes to mental illness. Method A total of 110 female psychology students from a university in Mexico City were included in the study. Group's mean age (±SD) was 21.6 (1.7) years (range 19-33 years). All subjects gave their consent to participate in a voluntary and anonymous manner. Sixty five students (59.1%) were at the initial half-stage of their career (1st to 5th semester), and forty five (40.9%) were at their last half-stage (6th to 10th semester). The study was approved by the Institutional Research and Ethical Committees (Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente), and by the university's authorities. The Opinions about Mental Illness Scale (OMI), previously translated and standardized in our country (OMI-M), was used to evaluate personal attitudes toward severe mentally ill persons. OMI-M is a 34-item self-report questionnaire which evaluates attitudes utilizing a 5-points Liker scale procedure (1 = totally disagree; 5=totally agree). Evaluation includes six factors: 1. Separatism, which emphasizes the persons' perceived differences about a mental disorder and the desire of keeping a distance to be safe; 2. Stereotyping, defined as conceiving mentally ill persons in accordance to certain behavioral and intellectual patterns; 3. Restrictiveness, which includes items that uphold an uncertain notion regarding the rights of mentally ill persons; 4. Benevolence, which evaluates compassion to the mentally ill; 5. Pessimistic prediction, referring to the perception that mentally ill persons are incapable of improving on their symptoms and how society is also not optimistic in this respect; 6. Stigmatization, build upon items that perceive mental illness as a cause of shame. The Public Aggressiveness Concept Questionnaire, a self-rated instrument was also applied in the study. This questionnaire evaluates the perception of aggressiveness after reviewing a standardized clinical vignette of a patient with an active paranoid schizophrenia. The reviewer is asked to answer questions regarding the identification of aggressive conduct in the vignette, including the presence and intensity of verbal and physical violence. In another section, the way symptoms could be controlled is evaluated. Additional questions are included in the final section of the questionnaire aimed to evaluate concepts such as if the reviewer considers that the person in the vignette has a mental illness, what causes might originate this condition, and if he or she perceives the subject as socially dangerous. Data analysis was carried utilizing the SPSS, version 17.0, statistical program. Categorical variables description was done with rates and percentages; continuous variables were analyzed with means and standard deviation.

Introducción El temor y el rechazo han sido las principales actitudes negativas hacia las personas con trastornos mentales graves como la esquizofrenia. Éstas surgen de la percepción pública de que los pacientes no tienen control sobre su comportamiento y son agresivos, violentos y/o peligrosos; tienen un impacto directo en las personas que padecen esquizofrenia y sus familiares, y aun cuando podría esperarse lo contrario, diversos estudios han mostrado que los profesionales de la salud en general, y de la salud mental en lo particular, muestran actitudes negativas hacia los pacientes con esquizofrenia. Diversos estudios internacionales han demostrado que las campañas dirigidas a incrementar la alfabetización en salud mental (ASM) son efectivas para modificar las actitudes negativas hacia las personas con trastornos mentales. Sin embargo, las necesidades de ASM pueden tener variaciones locales, por lo que resulta necesario conocer las actitudes hacia la enfermedad mental y los factores asociados a las mismas en las poblaciones blanco a las que se dirigirán las campañas antiestigma en una región particular. En esta dirección, el objetivo principal del presente estudio fue comparar las actitudes de mujeres estudiantes de psicología hacia las personas con trastornos mentales graves de acuerdo a la agresividad y peligrosidad percibida de un paciente con esquizofrenia. Adicionalmente, las actitudes hacia las personas con trastornos mentales graves así como las variables relacionadas con la alfabetización en salud mental se comparan entre las mujeres que cursaban la primera mitad de la licenciatura en psicología y aquellas que cursaban la segunda mitad. Método Se incluyó un total de 110 mujeres con una edad promedio de 21.6±1.7 años, estudiantes de la licenciatura en psicología de una universidad de la zona metropolitana de la Ciudad de México que aceptaron participar en el estudio de forma voluntaria y anónima. El 59.1% (n=65) se encontraba cursando la primera mitad de la licenciatura (del 1° al 5° semestre) y el 40.9% (n=45) restante, la segunda mitad (del 6° al 10° semestre). El total de la muestra completó la Escala de Opiniones sobre la Enfermedad Mental en Población Mexicana (OMI-M) para determinar las actitudes hacia las personas con trastornos mentales graves, así como el Cuestionario de Concepto Público de Agresividad (CPA), que valora el concepto público de agresividad del paciente con esquizofrenia con base en la presentación de una viñeta clínica de un paciente con esquizofrenia paranoide. Resultados El 95.5% (n=105) de las estudiantes reconocieron la presencia de una enfermedad mental en la viñeta clínica. No obstante, tan sólo el 70.9% (n=78) consideró las intervenciones psiquiátricas como las más adecuadas para el control de los síntomas. El 59.1 % (n=65) de las estudiantes consideró que el sujeto descrito en la viñeta podría ser agresivo de alguna forma y tan sólo 12.7% (n=14) lo calificó como peligroso para la sociedad. Las estudiantes que percibieron agresivo al paciente de la viñeta mostraron mayores puntajes en las áreas de restricción, predicción pesimista y en la puntuación total del OMI-M. De forma similar, aquellas que consideraron peligroso al paciente tuvieron mayores actitudes negativas en términos de separatismo, estereotipos y puntuación total del OMI-M. No se encontraron diferencias en las variables de alfabetización en salud mental (reconocimiento de la enfermedad, causas atribuibles y tratamiento sugerido), ni en la percepción de agresión y peligrosidad, ni en cuanto a las diferentes áreas evaluadas por el OMI-M entre alumnas que cursaban la primera mitad de la licenciatura en psicología y aquellas que cursaban la segunda mitad. Discusión Un alto porcentaje de estudiantes de psicología consideró agresivo al paciente descrito en la viñeta, y tal como se esperaba, esta concepción se relacionó con mayores actitudes negativas, tales como mayor nivel de restricción y de predicción pesimista. Adicionalmente, la percepción de la persona con enfermedad mental como alguien con capacidades limitadas y comportamiento extraño parece promover la distancia social. Tanto la percepción de agresión como la de peligrosidad y las actitudes negativas asociadas en esta muestra nos hablan del poco entendimiento que pudieran tener los estudiantes de psicología en relación con las experiencias vividas por los pacientes. Aun cuando nuestros resultados no pueden ser generalizados al total de los estudiantes de psicología del país, es posible sugerir la inclusión al currículo educativo de información clara y objetiva sobre aspectos psicosociales de la enfermedad -estigma y actitudes hacia la enfermedad- y no sólo aspectos teóricos sobre la fisiopatología del trastorno y características sintomáticas del padecimiento; así como el contacto regular, tanto hospitalario como comunitario, con los pacientes.

Estudantes de psicologia no Brasil e o contexto sociocultural / Social Cultural context of brazilian psychology students

Este artigo analisa as características do contexto sociocultural dos Estudantes de Psicologia no Brasil a partir dos questionários socioeconômicos de 23.613 alunos selecionados para o Exame Nacional do Desempenho dos Estudantes (ENADE) de 2006. Foram analisados os hábitos de leitura, bem com como o gênero de leitura mais frequente, os meios de comunicação social que os alunos utilizam na busca de informações, os motivos que levam ao uso da informática, as atividades de lazer e conhecimentos de outra língua. Esses dados podem ser úteis na elaboração de projetos de ensino contextualizados e relevantes para determinada região, ao mesmo tempo em que indicam rupturas e disparidades em algumas dimensões do espectro sociocultural.

This article analyses the characteristics of the social cultural context of brazilian psychology students based on data of the social economical questionnaires answered by the 23.613 students selected for the ENADE 2006 test. Aspects such as reading habits, as well as the book genre usually chose, means of social communication that the students usually use to gather information, motives that lead to the use of computers, leisure activities and knowledge of foreing languages. The data aquired could be usefull on the elaboration of projects for contextualized teaching revelant to a determined region, while at the same time it indicates ruptures and disparities in some dimensions of the social cultural espctre.

Representaciones, actitudes y consumo de tabaco en estudiantes de psicología / Psychology student´s attitudes, representations and tobacco use

El tabaquismo es una epidemia mundial. En Argentina existen ocho millones de fumadores y dos millones que quieren dejar de fumar, pero el equipo de salud no se encuentra motivado ni capacitado para responder a esta demanda. Los psicólogos tienen una escasa conciencia del papel preponderante que podrían jugar en el control del tabaquismo. La población de este estudio son los alumnos de la Facultad de Psicología de la UBA. Objetivos: a) establecer la prevalencia del tabaquismo; b) conocer el nivel de información respecto a las consecuencias de fumar; d) explorar las actitudes hacia el fumar y hacia el rol del psicólogo en las acciones de control del tabaco. Este trabajo informa la primera etapa del estudio que consistió en la adaptación de la Encuesta Mundial de Tabaco en Profesiones de la Salud (Global Health Professionals Survey - GHPS). Este artículo desarrolla el proceso de validación del instrumento y presenta la versión adaptada del mismo a la que se arribó.

Tobacco use is a worldwide epidemic. In Argentina there are eight millions of smokers and two million want to quit smoking, but the health team is not motivated or prepared to answer to this demand. Psychologists are little aware of the importance of their role in tobacco control. The population of this study is the students of the Faculty of Psychology. Objectives: a) establish the prevalence of tobacco use; b) know the level of information of the consequences of smoking; c) Explore the attitudes towards smoking and the role of the psychology in tobacco control management. In the first part of the study an adapted and validated version of the Global Health Professional Survey will be taken. This article develops the process of validation and presents an adapted version of the instrument.

Headache among medical and psychology students / Cefaléia em estudantes de medicina e psicologia

Headaches occur frequently and thus are a key component of sociocentric medical education. OBJECTIVE: To study headaches among students of medicine and psychology in a single university. METHOD: This was a questionnaire-based survey of a cohort of students of medicine and psychology. RESULTS: The overall lifetime prevalence of headache was 98 percent and over the last year, 91 percent. Tensional headache accounted for 59 percent and migraine 22 percent in medicine; and 48.5 percent and 32 percent respectively in psychology. Forty-five percent reported that headaches had a variable sporadic impact on their productivity. The self-medication rate was 77 percent. Thirty-six percent reported worsening since admission to the university. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of headaches was very high. Tension-type headaches predominated in males and migraine in females. Tension-type was more frequent among medical students than among psychology students; migraine was more frequent in psychology (more females) than in medicine. Both kinds of students reported that headaches caused low interference with daily activities. The students reported that their symptoms had worsened since admission to the university.

Cefaléia é frequente e tema importante para a educação médica sociocêntrica. OBJETIVO: Estudar cefaléias entre estudantes de medicina e de psicologia. MÉTODO: Foi estudo coorte, baseado num questionário respondido pelos estudantes. RESULTADOS: Cefaléia pelo menos uma vez na vida ocorreu em 98 por cento dos estudantes; no último ano, 91 por cento.Cefaléia tensional ocorreu em 59 por cento e enxaqueca em 22 por cento na Medicina; na Psicologia 48,5 por cento e 32 por cento, respectivamente. De todos os estudantes, 45 por cento relataram interferência variável na produtividade. No geral, a taxa de automedicação foi 77 por cento; relataram piora da cefaléia desde o ingresso na universidade 36 por cento. CONCLUSÃO: A prevalência de cefaléias foi muito alta. Cefaléia tensional predominou nos homens e enxaqueca nas mulheres. Cefaléia tensional ocorreu mais na Medicina do que na Psicologia; enxaqueca foi mais prevalente em Psicologia (onde havia predomínio do gênero feminino) do que Medicina. Nos dois grupos houve baixa interferência na produtividade; houve piora dos sintomas desde o ingresso na universidade.

Disociación entre atribución de discapacidad explícita e implícita hacia adultos mayores en estudiantes de psicología / Dissociation between psychology student's implicit and explicit disability atribution to elders

Los adultos mayores son objeto de estereotipos negativos que pueden explorarse por medidas explícitas e implícitas. Dado que existen discrepancias entre ambas, es conveniente combinarlas. Son escasos los estudios sobre atribución de discapacidad hacia adultos mayores por parte de jóvenes en el ámbito educativo. El objetivo del estudio que se informa fue evaluar si existe una disociación entre las medidas implícitas y explícitas de atribución de discapacidad hacia adultos mayores en una cohorte de estudiantes de la Carrera de Psicología. Las actitudes explícitas se estudiaron con el Test de Evaluación de Actitudes hacia Adultos Mayores (EVAAM) y las implícitas, con un test de asociación implícita (TAI) en relación con categorías de capacidad / discapacidad, en combinaciones congruentes e incongruentes. Se correlacionaron ambas pruebas para verificar el grado de disociación entre ellos. Como resultado se observó que en el TAI, la combinación incongruente (capacidad + vejez) tuvo mayor tamaño de efecto implícito que la congruente (capacidad + juventud), demostrando la existencia de una atribución automática de discapacidad hacia adultos mayores. Los valores para la escala explícita fueron mejores y no correlacionaron con el TAI. Así se concluye que los adultos mayores reciben una atribución automática de discapacidad por parte de los estudiantes de Psicología, que no coincide con su preferencia explícita. Esto podría deberse a la intención de agradabilidad de los jóvenes, a la falta de introspección sobre representaciones implícitas o a una independencia de las representaciones explícitas e implícitas. Queda por considerar si las atribuciones implícitas y explícitas forman diferentes constructos, o son parte de uno solo, con valores positivos en el polo voluntario y negativos en el involuntario.

Negative attributions toward elders are a paramount feature creating an unfavorable trait which manifests itself as stereotypes and discriminatory behaviors. This turns to be more critical when those misattributions are covertly distributed in the general population. Negative attributions toward elders are greater than younger when comparing both groups, and are dependent on several factors such as amount of information provided, coherence of the data, age and even the year when the search was carried on, as recent studies show less differences between elders and young attributions compared with older ones, particularly on explicit measures. Probably this reflects the more acceptability and tolerance exhibited by new cohorts toward different social groups in such areas as ethnics, religion or sexuality. It is obvious that elders stereotypes must be explored using not only explicit but also implicit measures, which reveal more clearly automatic associations and attributions toward key social groups. As there are sound differences between both kinds of assessments, combination is highly recommended. There are few studies that have accomplished the investigation of disability attribution toward elders by young subjects in the field of Education using Implicit Association Tests (IAT). This may prove useful as ageism exists in the Psychology Career Programs, being studies about elders under-represented in the programs contents. Objectives: To evaluate whether dissociation between implicit and explicit disability attribution measures exists in a cohort of young university psychology students. Methods and instruments: 210 subjects were included in the study (121 female and 89 men), who were recruited from students attending regular courses at the Faculty of Psychology on the city of Rosario (Argentina), aged from 24 to 29-year-old. Implicit attributions were assessed with the IAT that measures automatic association's strength between two core concepts (in the present study abilities /disabilities) and the two poles of an evaluative dimension (elderhood / youth). Stimulus are displayed on a computer screen and the subject has to associate core concept and attribute dimension faster when both are of equal valence (shorter latency). Subjects holding strong association between disability and elderhood have faster responses when those share the same key that has to be pressed to accomplish a valid answer. Latency spread between congruent (ability / youth) and incongruent (ability / elderhood) associations is accounted for the automatic strength of the implicit effect. Explicit attitudes were studied with the Attitudes toward Elders Evaluation Test and implicit ones using the Implicit Association Test with ability / disability categories in congruent and incongruent combinations. Both tests were correlated to disclose any dissociation between them. Dependent variable to measure implicit attitudes was the value of d which represents the size of the implicit effect between congruent and incongruent condition. A 2 (cate gories) x 2 (attributes) x 2 (dimensions) matrix was used, and independent variables were rotated between participants. Valence of attributes ranged from positive to negative and were associated with categories using as control factor the order of task congruence (block 3 congruent and block 6 incongruent). Dependent variable for explicit attitudes was the overall mean answers of the EVAAM (Adult Evaluation Scale). Results: In the IAT, the incongruent combination (ability old age) had a greater implicit size effect than the congruent one (ability youth), showing the existence of an automatic disability attribution toward elders. Results in the explicit scale were better and didn't correlate with IAT. Conclusions: Elders receive a Psychology student's automatic disability attribution, which doesn't match their explicit preference. This may be due to young students' agreeability intention, lack of introspection on implicit representations, or explicit and implicit representations independence. It remains to be investigated whether explicit and implicit attributions belong to different constructs or to only one, with positive values in the voluntary pole and negative values in the involuntary pole.

ESTILOS DE VIDA Y SALUD EN ESTUDIANTES DE UNA FACULTAD DE PSICOLOGÍA: Lifestyles and health of students in a Psychology Program

Objetivo: explorar algunos componentes de los estilos de vida de los estudiantes de la facultad de Psicología de la Universidad de Manizales, situada en Manizales, Caldas (Colombia). Método: estudio de corte transversal, efectuado durante el segundo semestre del 2008; muestra de 172 alumnos. Resultados: edad promedio de 21,42 años, 85,4% son solteros y 82% pertenecen al género femenino; 64,7% provienen de Manizales, viven en promedio con 3 personas. El 39,4% tiene una actividad diferente al estudio, la cual corresponde al trabajo y al deporte en la misma proporción. Se identificó un 65,1% de no fumadores; 26,9% no consumen alcohol; 34,6% presenta problemas con el alcohol y un 21,1% presenta dependencia del alcohol. Si bien el 65% manifiestan protegerse contra ETS y el 87,2% se protege contra embarazo, esta protección no se da siempre. Relación en su mayoría muy estrecha solo con la familia, buena en su mayoría con amigos, compañeros de universidad, docentes y formación humana; distante con las restantes redes de apoyo que ofrece la universidad. Resalta un 62,9% de disfunción familiar, entre leve y severa. Sólo el 13,6% de los estudiantes presenta una alimentación adecuada; se identificó un 28,7% con factor de riesgo positivo para trastornos de la conducta alimentaria; 65,2% de estudiantes presenta somnolencia ligera y 24,7% presentan factor de riesgo positivo para impulsividad. 40% de la población presenta problemas de ansiedad y 7,7% problemas de depresión; riesgo suicida de 14,8%. Conclusiones: Los altos indicadores de factores de riesgo para la salud en esta población confirman lo descrito en otras investigaciones efectuadas con jóvenes universitarios.

Objective: to explore some of the life style components from students of the faculty of Psychology of the Universidad de Manizales, in Manizales, Caldas (Colombia). Method: cross-sectional study executed during the second semester of 2008, with a sample of 172 students. Results': average age of 21.42 years, 82% are women, 64.7% come from Manizales. Students live with an average of 3 people, 85,4% are single. 39.4% practice an activity outside the study; in 52,9% this is activity some kind of sport and work in the same proportion. 65.1% are non-smokers, 34.6% have problems with alcohol and 21.1% present alcohol dependence. 65% protect themselves from STD's, 87.2% protect themselves from pregnancy. Close relationships only with family, in majority good relationships with their friends, classmates teachers and human development; far relations with support networks. Highlight 62.9% of family dysfunction, from mild to severe. Only 13.6% of the students have an adequate nutrition, 65,2% have a light form of somnolence, 24,7% present a positive risk factor of impulsiveness. Around 40% of the population has anxiety problems, 7,7% a probability for depression, 14,8% have a suicidal risk factor. Conclusions: the high indicators of health risk factors for this population confirm what is described in other studies developed with young university students.

Qualidade de vida e bem-estar espiritual em universitários de Psicologia / Calidad de vida y bienestar espiritual en universitarios de Psicología / Quality of life and spiritual well-being in Psychology students

Essa pesquisa teve o objetivo de avaliar a qualidade de vida e bem-estar espiritual em universitários de Psicologia e investigar se existe correlação entre esses aspectos. O estudo teve delineamento transversal. A amostra foi aleatória de 136 universitários de Psicologia da PUCRS. Os instrumentos utilizados foram: questionário de qualidade de vida WHOQOL-bref e escala de Bem-Estar Espiritual (SWBS). Foi realizada análise estatística descritiva inferencial. Verificou-se que existe correlação positiva entre os domínios físico, psicológico, social e ambiental com o bem-estar existencial nesses universitários. Destacou-se que o domínio psicológico e bem-estar existencial obtiveram a correlação mais alta (r= 0,63 p=0,00). Salienta-se a importância da inserção do tema da espiritualidade como discussão no campo científico.

This research aimed at evaluating quality of life and spiritual well-being in Psychology students, and to investigate correlation among these aspects. The study had a transversal design. The students, allocated, responded instruments of Quality of Life WHOQOL-bref and Scale of spiritual well-being (SWBS) (n=136). Statistic descriptive and inferencial analysis showed positive correlation between physical, psychologic, social, ambiental areas and existencial well-being. The psychological area and existencial well-being obtained highest correlation (r=0,63 p=0,00). It is emphasized the importance of insertion of spirituality themes as discussion in scientific field.

Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar la calidad de vida y bienestar espiritual en universitarios de Psicología, y analizar si existe correlación entre dichos aspectos. El delineamiento del estudio ha sido transversal y la muestra aleatoria, de 136 universitarios de Psicología de la PUCRS. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron: cuestionario de calidad de vida WHOQOL-bref y escala de Bienestar Espiritual (SWBS). Se realizó un análisis estadístico descriptivo inferencial verificándose que existe correlación positiva entre los dominios físico, psicológico, social y ambiental con el bienestar existencial en esos universitarios. El dominio psicológico y bienestar existencial obtuvieron la correlación más alta (r= 0,63 p=0,00). Cabe destacar la importancia de la inserción del tema de la espiritualidad como discusión en el campo científico.